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# Premium gift-ready packaging Top #2 in Cognitive Psychology Free shipping on qualified orders Thinking, Fast and Slow

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> 🧠 Think smarter, decide better — don’t get left behind!

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## Overview

Thinking, Fast and Slow by Daniel Kahneman is a critically acclaimed bestseller that unpacks decades of psychological research on human decision-making. Awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics, Kahneman reveals how our minds operate with two systems: fast, intuitive thinking and slow, analytical reasoning. This book is a must-read for professionals seeking to enhance cognitive clarity, avoid common mental pitfalls, and elevate their decision-making skills. With over 47,000 reviews and top rankings in cognitive psychology categories, it’s a definitive guide for anyone serious about mastering the art of thinking.

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Review: Required reading for educated people, but falls short as a model of mind - This is an invaluable book that every person who considers him/herself educated should read - even study. Indeed, it is a scandal that mastering the material in this book isn't considered an essential component of a high school education. The author was awarded the Nobel in Economics for his work on what he calls decision theory, or the study of the actual workings of the typical human mind in the evaluation of choices, and the book itself presents the findings of many decades of psychological studies that expose the endemic fallacious thinking that we are all prone to, more or less. The lives of all of us could be improved by lessons learned from this book, not just individually, through self-education, but also on the large scale, if the large scale decision makers in this society in and out of government could be educated as well. In fact, it is largely because these large scale decision makers are no better than the rest of us in their ability to think straight and plan well, that society is as screwed up as it is, and that essentially all of its institutions are diseased and corrupt. The lesson there, however, is that decision making needs to be returned to the individual - that the powers that be need to be deprived of their powers to mess up the lives of the rest of us. Despite the many virtues of this book - it is well-written, engaging, and its academic author reasonably restrained in the tendencies of his tribe to blathering in abstractions - it is a bit disappointing at the very end, when the author proves unable to synthesize all his material into a comprehensive theory of the thinking, and deciding mind - or at least into a set of carefully formulated principles that provide a succinct summary of the principles of human thinking, both typical and ideal. Kahneman uses throughout a construct that implies that we are of two minds: System 1 is the fast-thinking, intuitive, mind, prone to jumping to conclusions; while System 2 is the slow-thinking analytical mind, that is brought into play, if at all, only to critique and validate the conclusions that we have jumped to. System 2, we are told, is lazy, and if often just rubber-stamps the snap judgements of System 1, or if pressed, rationalize them, instead of digging critically as well as constructively into the complex underpinnings of the material and sorting them out as best it can. Instead of working this construct up into a comprehensive model of mind, K merely uses it as a loose schema for representing the kinds of thinking thought to underlie the results derived from the many psychological experiments that he here reports on. This neglect raises the question at many points as to just how well the experimenters have really understood the thinking that underlies the behavior of their subjects. But this, I am sorry to say, is a weakness of virtually all psychological experimentation, which is still just beginning to come to grips with the complexity and varieties of cognitive style of the human mind. What Kahneman does do, however, is to provide convenient labels for many characteristic types of fallacious thinking, although again, the exact role of System 1 and System 2, and their interaction, is inadequately explicated. Instead, towards the end of the book, another, somehow related, but nominally independent theme is developed: the disturbing divergence between the experiencing self and the remembering self. This is in itself such an interesting and important idea, so pregnant with both psychological and philosophical implications, that it could have used a fuller treatment, and again, there is no coherent integration of this theme with the System1/System2 construct. The idea here is that our present experience includes our most salient memories of previous experiences - for example the highlights of past vacations, or out of the ordinary episodes of our lives. Somewhat surprisingly, though, what we remember is a systematic distortion of the actual experience. Our memory collapse the duration of various aspects of our experience and highlights only the peak moment(s) and the final moments, perhaps with a nod toward the initial presentation of the experience. And this systematic distortion of the actual experience in all its fullness, can lead us to make irrational and detrimental choices in deciding whether to repeat the experience in the future. Thus, a bad ending to an otherwise wonderful experience can spoil the whole thing for us in memory, and cause us to avoid similar experiences in the future, even though by simply anticipating and improving the ending we might make the whole experience as wonderful as most of the original was. Likewise, subjects in experiments involving either long durations of pain, or much shorter episodes of pain with a higher peak, were consistently more averse to the latter rather than the former - or they overemphasized the way these presentations ended as a factor in judging them as a whole. These are important findings that go the heart of the question of how best to steer our course through life, but here is the only attempt at integration of this remembering vs experiencing self theme, and the System 1/ System 2 theme that I find in the final chapter, Conclusions: "The remembering self is a construction of System 2. However, the distinctive features of the way it evaluates episodes and lives are characteristics of our memory. Duration neglect and the peak-end rule originate in System 1 and do not necessarily conform to the values of System 2". There is more here, but it merely repeats the earlier analysis of the relevant experiments. No evidence is presented as to the respective roles of System 1 and System 2 with respect to the laying down of memory, to its decay, or with respect to a recently discovered phenomenon: memory reconsolidation. Nor is any account taken of what has been learned, much of it in recent decades, about the interactions between short, intermediate, and long term memory, or any of the radically different modalities of episodic (picture strip) and semantic (organized, abstracted) memory. Consequently, Kahneman's vague reference to the "characteristics of our memory" is essentially a ducking of the question of what the remembering self is. I think that at best, the finding of the replacement of the original experience by an abstract predicated on peak-end bias is an exaggeration, though there's no question that "duration neglect" is in operation, and a good thing too, unless K means by "duration neglect" not just the stretches of minimally changing experience (which have little memorial significance anyway, but even the consciousness of how long the edited out parts were (this distinction was never made in Chapter 35, where the theme of the remembering vs. the experiencing self is first taken up). Speaking for myself anyway, I have a much fuller memory of my most important experiences than Kahneman seems to indicate. Naturally the highlights are featured, but what I tend to remember are representative moments that I took conscious note of at the time, as though making a psychological photograph. I remember these moments also because I bring them up from time to time when I'm thinking about that experience. For example, I'm thinking now of a long distance race I did in 2014 (a very tough half-marathon, with almost 2000' of climbing). I remember: the beginning section as well as the ending section; each of the rest stations; certain moments of each of the major hill climbs; at least one moment from each of the descents; and a number of other happenings during the almost three hour event. For me in this race, the peak experience occurred right at the end, when I all but collapsed, yet managed to stagger to the finish line. That ending does naturally come first to mind as a representation of the entire event, but it is merely the culmination of a long and memorable experience with many moving parts, and if I want, my remembering self can still conjure up many other moments, as well as a clear sense of the duration of each of the sections of the course. Over many years most memories fade, and it's certainly reasonable to suppose that in extreme cases, where they are all but forgotten, only a single representative moment might be retained. However, if we can say anything for sure about memory it is this: we remember what we continue to think of and to use, and we do that precisely because this material has continuing importance to us. The recent research in memory reconsolidation tells us that when we do bring up memories only occasionally, we reinforce them, but we also edit and modify them to reflect our current perspectives, and sometimes we conflate them with other seemingly related knowledge that we've accrued. We are thus prone to distort our own original memories over time, in some cases significantly, but we may still retain much more of the original experience that just the peak and the end, and if we do reinterpret our memories in the light of more recent experience, that's not necessarily a bad thing. In any case, the memories that occur in the present may be said to be a joint project of the experiencing as well as the remembering self, which rather erodes the whole Two Selves concept that Kahneman first posited. I do not mean to criticize the valuable evidential material in the book, and in general I think that Kahneman, and the other researchers and thinkers whom he quotes, have drawn reasonable conclusions from the experiments they report on. But ultimately, the book, as well as the fields both of psychology and brain neurophysiology suffer both in coherence and meaningfulness because they aren't predicated on a more comprehensive theory of mind. It's the old story in science, first formulated by Karl Popper in his 1935 book, The Logic of Scientific Discovery: unless we approach the data with an hypothesis in mind - unless, indeed, we seek out data likely to be relevant to a particular hypothesis, we're not going to make any enduring progress in understanding that data in a comprehensively meaningful way, let alone be able to make falsifiable deductions about elements of the system for which we have at present no data. Popper's quotation from the German philosopher Novalis comes to mind - "Theories are nets: only he who casts will catch." In the final, "Conclusions", chapter, K caricatures the abstract economists' model of homo econimicus (man as a rational optimizer of his utility), contrasting it with the more sophisticated and experientially grounded model of psychologists such as himself. In keeping with his penchant for framing (or spinning) his presentation favorably to his own perspective, he calls the economists' model "Econ", and his own "Human". In fact, "Econ" was never meant to represent man in all his humanity, and Kahneman's Economics Nobel, recognizing his decision theory contributions to economics, was preceded by many other Nobels to economists who had been expanding the concept of the economic actor into psychological territory for decades. In fact, the essential view of the Austrian economists dating from the 1920s (von Mises, Hayek, and their predecessors) is that economics is in the end wholly dependent on psychology because it is predicated on the unknowable, unquantifiable subjective value preferences of humans, acting individually and in concert. Cautious generalizations can perhaps be made about human psychology in general, but I think that on the whole the Austrians have been a bit wiser in their restraint than Kahneman and his many, and mostly lesser, pop psychology compatriots have proved in their often sensationalist extrapolations from lab experiments. Here is an example, I think of Kahneman over-reaching. He speaks repeatedly of the laziness of System 2, and its foot dragging reluctance to get involved in the thinking process, but in the real world, snap judgements are good enough for immediate purposes, and the better part of rationality may be to go with one's fast thinking intuitive System 1: indeed, Kahneman acknowledges this himself in passing, both in his beginning and his ending, but this isn't enough to counterbalance the overall argument of his book. Kahneman also, in his final chapter, speculatively extends his findings into the political sphere (his liberal Democratic Party bias has already been made clear by gratuitous and somewhat annoying usage of salient modern politicians in examples), but not to any great effect. Kahneman advocates "libertarian paternalism" consisting of government programs that people are enrolled in automatically unless they opt out by checking a box on forms - thus manipulating the presentation frame so as to trick them into signing on to what some government bureaucrat thinks is good for them. Of course, as long as people are allowed to opt out, one can't call the choice here anything but libertarian, though to be consistent with their socialist mores, liberals like Kahneman really ought to object to such practices as being manipulative advertising. This libertarian finds nothing objectionable about the way such a choice might be presented - after all, the average man, if adequately educated and prepared for the real world, should have no trouble seeing through the frames. What is not only paternalistic, but totalitarian in spirit, is the extortion of taxpayer money to finance such government programs in the first place. Somehow, it fails to occur to Kahneman that most people could be trained to recognize and avoid fallacious thinking during all those years of enforced and mostly wasteful schooling - just as most people can be trained to recognize the Müller-Lyer illusion for what it is. IMO every high school graduate should be required to learn to recognize and avoid the paradigm cases of fallacious thinking presented in Thinking, Fast, and Slow, and this material could profitably be expanded to cover the many rhetorical tricks used by the manipulators and spinmeisters, both public and private, who batten off of our society. With such training in critical thinking, and with the reintroduction of enough honest and rigor to begin high school graduates up to the 12th grade reading and writing proficiencies that were routine in the 1950s, the need for college as life preparation would be altogether obviated, and most young people could avoid wasting their early years in college, piling up debt, and get on with their work and/or their self-education, as they chose.
Review: Small print - big book - RICH with insights and research (and answers!) - As some background, I am 68 yrs old and have a semester and a HALF of college! I often say this in group meetings and just to sound super smart. I am not sure exactly why I ordered this book - maybe it was the purdy pencil on the front or the desire to find some fast answers to my questions! When it arrived I thought what have I done? Where are the pictures and quick statements for motivational purposes? Why are there so many word and SO small? Why is this book so THICK? I started reading it JUST so my GFF would think "wow, where did his coloring books go" and found I could NOT put it down. I have often sought answers as to WHY I do what I do and feel like I do. I have wonderful therapists and doctors over the years that have told me I have mild depression and a drinking problem. I have good meds and follow their guidance but still wanted to know more! I am not saying Mr. Daniel Kahneman is my new therapist or should replace my current one, I am simply suggesting that the insights and research have provided such deep and wonderful NEW thoughts and actions for me - and in just the first chapters. I have begun smiling all the time and doing math in my head as often as possible - even on walks or strolls! O sure, I will return to my coloring books, but it is wonderful to find research that provides answers to questions I didn't know I had and those I thought I could ever find answers. But I believe I have found a marvelous resource in this book and Daniel Kahneman. Who knows, maybe I'll get that other half of a semester in the months ahead!

## Technical Specifications

| Specification | Value |
|---------------|-------|
| Best Sellers Rank | #430 in Books ( See Top 100 in Books ) #1 in Medical Cognitive Psychology #2 in Cognitive Psychology (Books) #3 in Decision-Making & Problem Solving |
| Customer Reviews | 4.6 4.6 out of 5 stars (47,894) |
| Dimensions  | 5.51 x 1.46 x 8.23 inches |
| Edition  | First Edition |
| ISBN-10  | 0374533555 |
| ISBN-13  | 978-0374533557 |
| Item Weight  | 15.2 ounces |
| Language  | English |
| Print length  | 512 pages |
| Publication date  | April 2, 2013 |
| Publisher  | Farrar, Straus and Giroux |

## Images

![Thinking, Fast and Slow - Image 1](https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/61fdrEuPJwL.jpg)
![Thinking, Fast and Slow - Image 2](https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/81nQ+6usvAL.jpg)

## Customer Reviews

### ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ Required reading for educated people, but falls short as a model of mind
*by G***E on August 31, 2015*

This is an invaluable book that every person who considers him/herself educated should read - even study. Indeed, it is a scandal that mastering the material in this book isn't considered an essential component of a high school education. The author was awarded the Nobel in Economics for his work on what he calls decision theory, or the study of the actual workings of the typical human mind in the evaluation of choices, and the book itself presents the findings of many decades of psychological studies that expose the endemic fallacious thinking that we are all prone to, more or less. The lives of all of us could be improved by lessons learned from this book, not just individually, through self-education, but also on the large scale, if the large scale decision makers in this society in and out of government could be educated as well. In fact, it is largely because these large scale decision makers are no better than the rest of us in their ability to think straight and plan well, that society is as screwed up as it is, and that essentially all of its institutions are diseased and corrupt. The lesson there, however, is that decision making needs to be returned to the individual - that the powers that be need to be deprived of their powers to mess up the lives of the rest of us. Despite the many virtues of this book - it is well-written, engaging, and its academic author reasonably restrained in the tendencies of his tribe to blathering in abstractions - it is a bit disappointing at the very end, when the author proves unable to synthesize all his material into a comprehensive theory of the thinking, and deciding mind - or at least into a set of carefully formulated principles that provide a succinct summary of the principles of human thinking, both typical and ideal. Kahneman uses throughout a construct that implies that we are of two minds: System 1 is the fast-thinking, intuitive, mind, prone to jumping to conclusions; while System 2 is the slow-thinking analytical mind, that is brought into play, if at all, only to critique and validate the conclusions that we have jumped to. System 2, we are told, is lazy, and if often just rubber-stamps the snap judgements of System 1, or if pressed, rationalize them, instead of digging critically as well as constructively into the complex underpinnings of the material and sorting them out as best it can. Instead of working this construct up into a comprehensive model of mind, K merely uses it as a loose schema for representing the kinds of thinking thought to underlie the results derived from the many psychological experiments that he here reports on. This neglect raises the question at many points as to just how well the experimenters have really understood the thinking that underlies the behavior of their subjects. But this, I am sorry to say, is a weakness of virtually all psychological experimentation, which is still just beginning to come to grips with the complexity and varieties of cognitive style of the human mind. What Kahneman does do, however, is to provide convenient labels for many characteristic types of fallacious thinking, although again, the exact role of System 1 and System 2, and their interaction, is inadequately explicated. Instead, towards the end of the book, another, somehow related, but nominally independent theme is developed: the disturbing divergence between the experiencing self and the remembering self. This is in itself such an interesting and important idea, so pregnant with both psychological and philosophical implications, that it could have used a fuller treatment, and again, there is no coherent integration of this theme with the System1/System2 construct. The idea here is that our present experience includes our most salient memories of previous experiences - for example the highlights of past vacations, or out of the ordinary episodes of our lives. Somewhat surprisingly, though, what we remember is a systematic distortion of the actual experience. Our memory collapse the duration of various aspects of our experience and highlights only the peak moment(s) and the final moments, perhaps with a nod toward the initial presentation of the experience. And this systematic distortion of the actual experience in all its fullness, can lead us to make irrational and detrimental choices in deciding whether to repeat the experience in the future. Thus, a bad ending to an otherwise wonderful experience can spoil the whole thing for us in memory, and cause us to avoid similar experiences in the future, even though by simply anticipating and improving the ending we might make the whole experience as wonderful as most of the original was. Likewise, subjects in experiments involving either long durations of pain, or much shorter episodes of pain with a higher peak, were consistently more averse to the latter rather than the former - or they overemphasized the way these presentations ended as a factor in judging them as a whole. These are important findings that go the heart of the question of how best to steer our course through life, but here is the only attempt at integration of this remembering vs experiencing self theme, and the System 1/ System 2 theme that I find in the final chapter, Conclusions: "The remembering self is a construction of System 2. However, the distinctive features of the way it evaluates episodes and lives are characteristics of our memory. Duration neglect and the peak-end rule originate in System 1 and do not necessarily conform to the values of System 2". There is more here, but it merely repeats the earlier analysis of the relevant experiments. No evidence is presented as to the respective roles of System 1 and System 2 with respect to the laying down of memory, to its decay, or with respect to a recently discovered phenomenon: memory reconsolidation. Nor is any account taken of what has been learned, much of it in recent decades, about the interactions between short, intermediate, and long term memory, or any of the radically different modalities of episodic (picture strip) and semantic (organized, abstracted) memory. Consequently, Kahneman's vague reference to the "characteristics of our memory" is essentially a ducking of the question of what the remembering self is. I think that at best, the finding of the replacement of the original experience by an abstract predicated on peak-end bias is an exaggeration, though there's no question that "duration neglect" is in operation, and a good thing too, unless K means by "duration neglect" not just the stretches of minimally changing experience (which have little memorial significance anyway, but even the consciousness of how long the edited out parts were (this distinction was never made in Chapter 35, where the theme of the remembering vs. the experiencing self is first taken up). Speaking for myself anyway, I have a much fuller memory of my most important experiences than Kahneman seems to indicate. Naturally the highlights are featured, but what I tend to remember are representative moments that I took conscious note of at the time, as though making a psychological photograph. I remember these moments also because I bring them up from time to time when I'm thinking about that experience. For example, I'm thinking now of a long distance race I did in 2014 (a very tough half-marathon, with almost 2000' of climbing). I remember: the beginning section as well as the ending section; each of the rest stations; certain moments of each of the major hill climbs; at least one moment from each of the descents; and a number of other happenings during the almost three hour event. For me in this race, the peak experience occurred right at the end, when I all but collapsed, yet managed to stagger to the finish line. That ending does naturally come first to mind as a representation of the entire event, but it is merely the culmination of a long and memorable experience with many moving parts, and if I want, my remembering self can still conjure up many other moments, as well as a clear sense of the duration of each of the sections of the course. Over many years most memories fade, and it's certainly reasonable to suppose that in extreme cases, where they are all but forgotten, only a single representative moment might be retained. However, if we can say anything for sure about memory it is this: we remember what we continue to think of and to use, and we do that precisely because this material has continuing importance to us. The recent research in memory reconsolidation tells us that when we do bring up memories only occasionally, we reinforce them, but we also edit and modify them to reflect our current perspectives, and sometimes we conflate them with other seemingly related knowledge that we've accrued. We are thus prone to distort our own original memories over time, in some cases significantly, but we may still retain much more of the original experience that just the peak and the end, and if we do reinterpret our memories in the light of more recent experience, that's not necessarily a bad thing. In any case, the memories that occur in the present may be said to be a joint project of the experiencing as well as the remembering self, which rather erodes the whole Two Selves concept that Kahneman first posited. I do not mean to criticize the valuable evidential material in the book, and in general I think that Kahneman, and the other researchers and thinkers whom he quotes, have drawn reasonable conclusions from the experiments they report on. But ultimately, the book, as well as the fields both of psychology and brain neurophysiology suffer both in coherence and meaningfulness because they aren't predicated on a more comprehensive theory of mind. It's the old story in science, first formulated by Karl Popper in his 1935 book, The Logic of Scientific Discovery: unless we approach the data with an hypothesis in mind - unless, indeed, we seek out data likely to be relevant to a particular hypothesis, we're not going to make any enduring progress in understanding that data in a comprehensively meaningful way, let alone be able to make falsifiable deductions about elements of the system for which we have at present no data. Popper's quotation from the German philosopher Novalis comes to mind - "Theories are nets: only he who casts will catch." In the final, "Conclusions", chapter, K caricatures the abstract economists' model of homo econimicus (man as a rational optimizer of his utility), contrasting it with the more sophisticated and experientially grounded model of psychologists such as himself. In keeping with his penchant for framing (or spinning) his presentation favorably to his own perspective, he calls the economists' model "Econ", and his own "Human". In fact, "Econ" was never meant to represent man in all his humanity, and Kahneman's Economics Nobel, recognizing his decision theory contributions to economics, was preceded by many other Nobels to economists who had been expanding the concept of the economic actor into psychological territory for decades. In fact, the essential view of the Austrian economists dating from the 1920s (von Mises, Hayek, and their predecessors) is that economics is in the end wholly dependent on psychology because it is predicated on the unknowable, unquantifiable subjective value preferences of humans, acting individually and in concert. Cautious generalizations can perhaps be made about human psychology in general, but I think that on the whole the Austrians have been a bit wiser in their restraint than Kahneman and his many, and mostly lesser, pop psychology compatriots have proved in their often sensationalist extrapolations from lab experiments. Here is an example, I think of Kahneman over-reaching. He speaks repeatedly of the laziness of System 2, and its foot dragging reluctance to get involved in the thinking process, but in the real world, snap judgements are good enough for immediate purposes, and the better part of rationality may be to go with one's fast thinking intuitive System 1: indeed, Kahneman acknowledges this himself in passing, both in his beginning and his ending, but this isn't enough to counterbalance the overall argument of his book. Kahneman also, in his final chapter, speculatively extends his findings into the political sphere (his liberal Democratic Party bias has already been made clear by gratuitous and somewhat annoying usage of salient modern politicians in examples), but not to any great effect. Kahneman advocates "libertarian paternalism" consisting of government programs that people are enrolled in automatically unless they opt out by checking a box on forms - thus manipulating the presentation frame so as to trick them into signing on to what some government bureaucrat thinks is good for them. Of course, as long as people are allowed to opt out, one can't call the choice here anything but libertarian, though to be consistent with their socialist mores, liberals like Kahneman really ought to object to such practices as being manipulative advertising. This libertarian finds nothing objectionable about the way such a choice might be presented - after all, the average man, if adequately educated and prepared for the real world, should have no trouble seeing through the frames. What is not only paternalistic, but totalitarian in spirit, is the extortion of taxpayer money to finance such government programs in the first place. Somehow, it fails to occur to Kahneman that most people could be trained to recognize and avoid fallacious thinking during all those years of enforced and mostly wasteful schooling - just as most people can be trained to recognize the Müller-Lyer illusion for what it is. IMO every high school graduate should be required to learn to recognize and avoid the paradigm cases of fallacious thinking presented in Thinking, Fast, and Slow, and this material could profitably be expanded to cover the many rhetorical tricks used by the manipulators and spinmeisters, both public and private, who batten off of our society. With such training in critical thinking, and with the reintroduction of enough honest and rigor to begin high school graduates up to the 12th grade reading and writing proficiencies that were routine in the 1950s, the need for college as life preparation would be altogether obviated, and most young people could avoid wasting their early years in college, piling up debt, and get on with their work and/or their self-education, as they chose.

### ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ Small print - big book - RICH with insights and research (and answers!)
*by M***E on December 29, 2025*

As some background, I am 68 yrs old and have a semester and a HALF of college! I often say this in group meetings and just to sound super smart. I am not sure exactly why I ordered this book - maybe it was the purdy pencil on the front or the desire to find some fast answers to my questions! When it arrived I thought what have I done? Where are the pictures and quick statements for motivational purposes? Why are there so many word and SO small? Why is this book so THICK? I started reading it JUST so my GFF would think "wow, where did his coloring books go" and found I could NOT put it down. I have often sought answers as to WHY I do what I do and feel like I do. I have wonderful therapists and doctors over the years that have told me I have mild depression and a drinking problem. I have good meds and follow their guidance but still wanted to know more! I am not saying Mr. Daniel Kahneman is my new therapist or should replace my current one, I am simply suggesting that the insights and research have provided such deep and wonderful NEW thoughts and actions for me - and in just the first chapters. I have begun smiling all the time and doing math in my head as often as possible - even on walks or strolls! O sure, I will return to my coloring books, but it is wonderful to find research that provides answers to questions I didn't know I had and those I thought I could ever find answers. But I believe I have found a marvelous resource in this book and Daniel Kahneman. Who knows, maybe I'll get that other half of a semester in the months ahead!

### ⭐⭐⭐⭐ Entertaining and Engaging
*by R***I on September 30, 2013*

I did not consider this book for its contentious ideas regarding human thought, but rather as an interesting framework regarding thought processes and a different perspective on the way we process information. I find Daniel Kahneman's "Thinking Fast and Slow" is a fantastic read as an expansion of his earlier work with Amos Tversky on the human decision-making pathways of heuristics and algorithms which the book are presented as the two "main characters" as he likes to call them: System 1 (the fast) and System 2 (the slow). Overall, I enjoyed Kahneman's engaging use of examples and simple "mini-experiments" which allowed me to try and witness the results firsthand. The addition of light humor in his simple, yet robust writing style keeps the didactic tone at the forefront of the text while still keeping the admittedly long book interesting enough to keep the pages turning. Many of the points that the author brings up throughout the book are usually preceded or supported by some sort of "do-it-yourself" type exercises. One of my favorite examples is the "add-1" and "add-3" exercises where you make strings of 4 digit numbers. You read a number, wait 2 seconds, then say a new number with each of the digits incremented by either 1 or 3. For example, the number 1234 in the add-1 exercise would become 2345 and in the add-3 scenario, it would become 4567. These exercises are used to indicate just how what the extent of working memory is in most people and the physiological strain that effortful processing can have on both the body and the mind. One of the most interesting devices I found in the book was the dichotomy Kahneman creates from the moment I turned to the first page. He tells the reader to treat the book as two major characters. The first character is the unsung "hero" of the story of our mind: System 1. It is always on and gets its hand first on anything and everything our mind comes into contact with. The main principles or System 1 is that it is quick, more "emotional", and more susceptible to biases and errors. It operates efficiently, with little effort, and is constantly operating in the background. In other words, System 1 operates in what Kahneman and Tversky call "heuristics." On the other hand, Kahneman brings in a supporting character that believes it is the main character: System 2. System 2 is more deliberate and conscious, and is what we identify with when we refer to ourselves. However, it requires much more conscious effort and thus is only used when System 1 cannot come to some sort of solution, answer, or analysis with the information at hand. Thus, System 2 operates via algorithms and is less prone to emotional and cognitive errors, though not entirely immune. This underlying dichotomy thematically arises in our everyday lives and in a multitude of different cognitive tasks. Kahneman touches on topics including psychology, neuroscience, and his Nobel Prize winning specialty: economics. Personally, as a debater, I have a special interest in economic theory as arguments involving economic considerations are a common occurrence in rounds. This is probably why Kahneman's discussion of these systems contextualized in an economic scenario particularly caught my eye. In the aforementioned circumstance, he brings up the psychological notion of prospect theory, which earned him his Nobel Prize in the field of (behavioral) economics. To begin with the, prospect theory accounts for the error in the expected utility hypothesis which states that people make decisions, such as gambling, based on the expected payout. However, using Kahneman's terminology, this would be more of System 2 centric approach. In experimentation, he reveals that decision making involving risk factors is more heuristical in nature and is therefore governed predominantly by System 1 wiring. Prospect Theory suggests that decision making is based off the potential total loss or the potential total gain instead of the expected outcome (based of the equation x = Σxnpn). This also indicates that people tend to be more "risk-aversive" by nature. In other words, humans tend to fear loss more than they hope for gain. Additionally, a loss of a certain magnitude will yield in more negative emotions than a gain of equal amount would elicit positive emotions. While the economic and behavioral applications of decision making is interesting to me, other readers might find some of the other ideas in the wide variety of topics that Kahneman delves into more engaging or meaningful. There are five overarching parts that he outlines in his book. In the first part of the book, Kahneman focuses on setting up the dichotomy of the two systems and the experimental basis for their existence. In part two, he indicates the impact of system 1 in heuristical analysis. Specifically, he discusses the cognitive biases that come from the quick pathway of thinking. This section is particularly important in making the point that there lies some counterbalance between the speed of processing and the accuracy that lies therein. Part three discusses the implications that people are overconfident in their decision-making. Though decisions based off of gut instincts may "feel" right, they may be proven to be considered mathematically irrational. There is also the underlying notion that compared to careful statistical analysis, we are more often wrong in our perceptions than we are truly accurate. The penultimate part refers to the role of decision-making criterion in the choices that people make. Risk analysis is the largest factor in understanding how and why people consistently choose certain courses of actions over others. The main takeaway is the belief that people are inherently risk aversive. This is beneficial both evolutionarily, but also in the sense that is logistically makes sense in most scenarios to err towards a false negative (Type II statistical error) than it is to a false positive (Type 1 statistical error). Finally, Kahneman comes full circle to holistically comparing the two systems and how they interact with each other in order to assist us in solving the problems that come to us day to day. In the end, I feel that this book has given me great insight into not only how we think, but also why we think that way. I feel more aware of cognitive biases as well as potential errors in my judgment and reasoning that I know I not only have made in the past, but will probably involuntarily continue to do so in the future. Overall, I believe there is much to take away from this book both on a conceptual and a lifestyle level. It is important to realize that one of the biggest ways to develop as a person is to understand our respective selves and this book, to a large extent, has helped me further that understanding.

## Frequently Bought Together

- Thinking, Fast and Slow
- Atomic Habits: An Easy & Proven Way to Build Good Habits & Break Bad Ones
- Man's Search for Meaning

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